ÿWPC‰  ’d’aî´A=!îÏ¿âОûŠO“Cî»ôø<¯=Ôk¬øù!= z’Ž«2{z‚س8G¢£jç‘Äõ1æöz‹4K¼`Tõ8׳Eø!nPì«3}Hÿ&6kY·º³4xþi×+ãâ%Uþk<:äÎ]ÙÞU\i°S}c),•bS"­¥MÁÿK/äÀž‰Í<³.gG b]‹f–TÛ÷«JÃõ‰¶;,Ž´èO<³z(®‡ŸZ—ÓYh´%O†¥»Ú¦êr[ pÈ ,P6ªŒâ.šÈ!†1^SSdÁ´8ö©8’œƒ#Ú+ås@‚2C†»•X;hˆ•¿)™ÄÍà¶"øÿ.GîEé*ŽIÌ6:ò tÃBSáfÌ×&ÄÉnÕ_gxÑRŒ/UcNñãb·f/¿MƒŽC.€¢R9ŒÙýÿ¨€`?¤ßj7<å§m“MÐ|rö´kÜæß0[2/æY–mHáÁ\‰:¶ŸXI†r¥7ÆÊÞÁ¾Qž"v¯‹å5`Ï€Ãê‚^…ÓÅÇĤ6#J3bLøæÙâ~C`YÍDhmag¼JÙ×8ÅϨ›âêNE´ AHùͺ^ÛfσqIlÓWŒ„(U Z0 %Š 0C¨ën«û 0(¦Îw@Î4" m$ 0ˆ;U:ÃUNý 0DKÕd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Bl ' [  `BDutch Roman 12ptWP DeskTop FWX Ý ƒF'ÝÝ  Ý›ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÓ  ÓDavid€N.€Townsendà@ˆˆˆìàòòRock€'n'€Roll€Culture€and€Ideologyóóˆà€àààü!àPage€Ú  Ú1Ú  ڈР° ÐÌChapter€3à@¨¨+ìàDRAFTˆÐ ˆØ ÐÌÌ(2F$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý#|p9«' [  `BDutch Roman 12ptWP DeskTop FWXÌp [  PŽwOXP($¡¡ 0À1[2U3D45D6Ë78D9U­nB#0Ôè‚X’‚ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(8(3¤‚$¤¤Ý ƒô5!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÝ  Ýà 4 àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó„†r‰AZ‹"Arial RegularxÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(%Ã$òòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó ËÝ ƒ ¤‚$ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°Òà 4 àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ݛԇôYÀõXXÔDisclaimer:€This€is€an€unpublished€manuscript,€made€available€to€the€public€for€your€interestÐ ° Ðand€reaction.€€It€may€not€be€reprinted,€copied,€or€distributed€in€any€manner,€without€express€permission€ofÏthe€author.€€I€neither€ask€nor€receive€any€financial€compensation€for€this€document.€€Hence,€although€I€useÏquotes€from€several€published€song€lyrics€without€having€obtained€formal€permission€from€the€copyrightÏowner,€there€is€no€violation€of€copyright,€since€this€document€is€not€ð ðpublishedðð€or€sold€in€any€meaningfulÏsense.Ô#†X¦dXõôYÀ`#Ô  dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý›Ó  ÓÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÑÜ°ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÑ  ÑÑ  ÑDavid€N.€Townsendà€LLCü!à3300€wordsˆÐ ° Ð17€Lawrence€Roadà€ìì4ü!àðð€1997€David€N.€Townsendñ4ñÔ‡X¦dXXXÔ׃×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†X¦dXXX¦d#Ôñ4ñˆÐ œì ÐSwampscott,€MA€01907Ì(781)€477„9356Ì¢DNTownsend£@¢Prodigy.com£ÓÓÌÌÓÓÌà@~~$ìàò òÔ‡¼M{»XX¦dÔÔ‡¼yJ»»¼M{ÔChanging€the€World:ˆÐ ü L  Ðà@¦ ¦ ìàRock€'n'€Roll€Culture€and€IdeologyÔ#†¼M{»»¼yJN#ÔÔ#†X¦dX»¼M{/#Ôó óˆÐ `  ÐÌÌà@ŽŽ,ìàbyˆÌà@ÊÊ%ìàDavid€N.€TownsendˆÌñ2ñÌñ2ññ3ñÌñ3ññ1ñò òñ1ññ0ñÔ‡¼M{»XX¦dÔñ0ñÔ‡¼yJ»»¼M{Ôà@ØØ)ìàChapter€3ˆÐ À Ðà@ll&ìàChanging€TimesÔ#†¼M{»»¼yJ²#Ôñ0ñÔ#†X¦dX»¼M{Ž#Ôñ0ññ1ñó óñ1ñˆÐ Ô$ ÐÌñ5ñÌñ5ñà 4 àWhen€Don€¢McClean£€recorded€"American€Pie"€in€1972€he€was€remembering€hisÏown€youth€and€the€early€innocence€of€rock€'n'€roll€fifteen€years€before;€he€may€not€haveÏconsidered€that€he€was€also€contributing€the€most€sincere€historical€treatise€ever€fashionedÏon€the€vast€social€transition€from€the€¢1950s£€to€the€¢1960s£.€€For€the€record,€"the€day€theÏmusic€died"€refers€to€Buddy€Holly's€February€1959€death€in€a€plane€crash€in€North€DakotaÏthat€also€took€the€lives€of€Richie€("La€¢Bamba£")€¢Valens£€and€The€Big€¢Bopper£€("ChantillyÏLace").€€The€rest€of€"American€Pie"€describes€the€major€rock€stars€of€the€sixties€and€theirÏpublicity„saturated€impact€on€the€music€scene:€the€Jester€is€Bob€Dylan,€the€Sergeants€areÏthe€Beatles,€Satan€is€Mick€Jagger.€€For€¢1950s£€teens€who€grew€up€with€the€phenomenon€ofÏprimordial€rock€'n'€roll,€the€changes€of€the€sixties€might€have€seemed€to€turn€the€music€intoÏsomething€very€different:€"We€all€got€up€to€dance€/€Oh,€but€we€never€got€the€chance."€ÏThere's€no€doubt€that,€coincident€with€Holly's€death,€rock€'n'€roll€began€declining€into€aÏhibernation€that€left€the€music€nearly€dead€when€compared€with€the€vitality€of€only€a€fewÏmonths€earlier.€€And€it's€not€too€hard€to€understand€why.€€Imagine€a€football€team€winningÏthe€Super€Bowl€one€year,€and€then€losing€to€injury,€free€agency,€or€retirement€its€startingÏquarterback,€and€its€best€receiver,€running€back,€defensive€lineman,€and€¢cornerback£,€asÏwell€as€its€coach€and€half€the€front€office,€all€over€the€course€of€the€next€season.€€NotÏlikely€to€win€another€championship,€or€even€a€game,€for€quite€some€time.Ð €&Ð!$ä Їà 4 àThat's€not€too€far€from€the€plague€that€hit€rock€'n'€roll€in€1959„60.€€Within€littleÏmore€than€a€year,€Hollyð"ðeasily€the€brightest€young€star€of€the€moment€and€possibly€theÏwave€of€the€futureð"ðwas€dead,€Elvis€had€been€drafted€and€was€stationed€in€Germany,ÏChuck€Berry€was€arrested€and€indicted€under€the€Mann€Act€for€transporting€a€minorÏacross€state€lines,€Little€Richard€gave€up€music€to€become€a€preacher,€and€Jerry€Lee€LewisÏwas€vilified€and€ostracized€for€marrying€his€under‚age€cousin.€€Meanwhile€the€recordingÏindustry€was€hit€with€a€major€scandal€over€payola€schemes€between€record€labels€and€discÏjockeys,€a€controversy€that€would€bring€down€some€of€the€most€innovative€independentÏstudios€and€revered€jockeys,€including€the€legendary€Alan€Freed€himself.€€The€Day€theÏMusic€Died,€indeed.ÌÌà 4 àSo€here€we€had€this€void€widening,€starting€about€February€of€1959,€and€coinci…¼dentally€I€was€born€at€the€same€time,€and€then€the€calendar€changed€decades€and€a€manÏnamed€John€Kennedy€showed€up€talking€about€a€New€Frontier.€€On€the€charts,€the€topÏslots€were€handed€over€to€the€likes€of€Paul€("Put€Your€Head€on€My€Shoulder")€¢Anka£,ÏConnie€("Everybody's€Somebody's€Fool")€Francis,€Brenda€("I'm€Sorry")€Lee,€BobbyÏ("¢Volare£")€¢Rydell£,€¢Ricky£€("¢Travelin£'€Man")€Nelson,€Pat€("Moody€River")€Boone,€BobbyÏ("Take€Care€of€My€Baby")€¢Vee£,€and€the€wonderful€Frankie€Avalon.€€If€anyone€doubtedÏthat€rock€'n'€roll€had€crashed€and€burned,€these€frightening€wraiths€were€convincing€proof.ÌÌà 4 àTake€Frankie's€"Venus".€€Please.€€(Not€to€be€confused€with€"Venus"€by€theÏShocking€Blue€a€decade€later,€a€brilliantly€original€and€stimulating€tune€which€was€itselfÏcovered€by€¢Bananarama£€in€1987.)€€This€was€the€Number€Three€hit€for€all€of€1959,€and€itÏhas€as€much€in€common€with€Danny€and€the€Juniors'€"At€the€Hop"€(Number€One€for€all€ofÏ1958)€as€with€Tony€Bennett's€Greatest€Hits.€€Throughout€the€song€a€backing€chorus€ofÏfemale€vocalists€croons€a€high€pitched€"¢oooh£"€that's€meant€to€sound€like€a€Siren€(of€theÏVenus,€Goddess€of€Love,€kind)€but€more€resembles€a€siren€(of€the€here„come„the„cops„¼hide„the„loot€kind).€€The€music€is€understated€to€a€fault,€with€a€little€rolling€snare€drum,Ïdaintily€picked€string€bass,€and€subtle€glockenspiel€or€some€such€instrument.€€And€thenÏthere€is€Frankie,€All€American€Boy,€humbly€calling€out€in€the€most€innocent€adolescentÏvoice€for€Venus€to€please€send€him€a€girlfriend:Ìâ âÐ ”'” Ðñ6ñÔ& ˆ Ôâ âñ6ñà 4 àà Œ àVenus€make€her€fairÌà 4 àà Œ àA€lovely€girl€with€sunlight€in€her€hairÌà 4 àà Œ àAnd€take€the€brightest€stars€up€in€the€skiesÌà 4 àà Œ àAnd€place€them€in€her€eyes€for€meÌÌâ â(No€Long€Tall€Sally€for€this€ñ6ñ¢ñ6ñ¢putz£ñ6ñ£ñ6ñ.)ñ6ñÔ'ˆ ±Ôñ6ñÌÓÓÌÓÓà 4 àNeedless€to€say,€all€of€the€above€were€white€and€cute€and€unthreatening,€and€wereÏshamelessly€hyped€by€the€corporate€conglomerates€that€had€usurped€rock€'n'€roll€from€theÏstruggling€independent€labels€which€had€to€rely€on€talent€rather€than€promotional€budgetsÏto€sell€records.€€Matters€weren't€entirely€bleak,€of€course,€for€black€artists€were€stillÏgenerally€pursuing€a€faithful€strain€of€indigenous,€¢unsanitized£€music€that€was€eventually€toÏevolve€into€Soul,€and€some€of€the€bestð"ðRay€Charles,€Sam€Cooke,€Jackie€Wilƒ¼sonð"ðmanaged€to€crack€the€pop€charts€on€a€fairly€regular€basis.€€There€were€otherÏencouraging€trends€too:€instrumental€groups€like€the€Ventures€and€Duane€Eddy€and€theÏRebels€showcased€guitar€and€saxo‚phone€as€lead€instruments,€laying€the€groundwork€forÏthe€later€experimenta‚tion€of€the€¢Yardbirds£,€the€Velvet€Underground,€and€¢Jimi£€HendrixÏwith€loudness,€feed‚back,€and€distortion.€€And€a€young€man€named€Phil€¢Spector£€decidedÏthat€òòhowóó€the€records€sounded€was€just€as€important€as€the€melody€and€the€lyrics,€at€theÐ „„ Ðsame€time€as€he€realized€that€teenage€boys€(of€which€he€himself€was€but€lately€one)€likedÏtheir€girls€slinky€and€sexyð"ðand€in€groups€of€threeð"ðso€he€introduced€"girl€groups"€to€theÏpop€world,€along€with€a€style€of€record€mixing€soon€to€be€known€as€his€trademark€"WallÏof€Sound,"€and€established€himself€before€the€age€of€25€as€the€forefather€of€all€futureÏbehind„the„console€geniuses.ÌÌà 4 àIt€wouldn't€be€fair€to€toss€¢Spector£'s€ladies€(the€Teddy€Bears,€the€Crystals,€theÏ¢Ronettes£)€and€the€other€early€female€trios€(the€¢Chantels£,€the€¢Shirelles£,€the€Chiffons,€andÏthe€great€¢Motown£€girls€groupsð"ðthe€¢Marvelettes£,€the€¢Vandellas£,€culminating€with€the€aptlyÏnamed€Supremes)€onto€the€same€pile€as€the€aforemen‚tioned€teen€idols.€€¢Spector£'s€workÏalone€placed€his€records€far€above€the€mass€produced,€interchangeable€pop€ballads€of€thatÏcadre,€and€the€distinctive€girl€group€sound€established€a€new€sensuality€to€pop€hits€thatÏwas€nowhere€apparent€in€the€squeaky€clean€offerings€of€Connie€and€Brenda€and€Annette.€ÏJust€assembling€three€or€four€sizzling€senoritas€with€buxom€figures€and€beehive€hairdos€onÏone€stage€and€having€them€sing€fervent€love€songs€in€unison€was€enough€to€overload€anyÏpubes‚cent€boy's€unspoken€urges.€€The€first€such€harem€was€¢Spector£'s€Teddy€Bears,€whoseÏlone€hit€was€1958's€"To€Know€Him€is€to€Love€Him".€€Innocent€enough?€€Well,€it€certainlyÐ 0,0!$ Ðdoesn't€hose€down€any€smoldering€teenage€fantasies€to€imagine€that€three€gorgeous€chicksÏcould€simultaneously€and€instantaneously€fall€for€a€guy€just€by€meeting€him:€skip€the€smallÏtalk.€€Now€contemplate€the€group's€name€for€a€second.€€Actually€Elvis€Presley€got€theÏjump€on€this€idea€with€his€1957€#1€hit,€"Let€me€be€Your€Teddy€Bear".€€Depending€on€yourÏpoint€of€view,€a€teddy€bear€is€a€sweet,€delicate€image€of€childhood€devotion€(=€certifiedÏparental€acceptability),€or€something€soft€and€cuddly€that€you€squeeze€and€caress€andÏbring€to€bed€with€you€(=€intimate€sexual€fantasy).€€After€the€Teddy€Bears,€some€of€the€girlÏgroups€began€to€unveil€their€come„ons€a€little€more€directly,€e.g.,€the€¢Shirelles£'€"Will€YouÏLove€Me€Tomorrow?"€and€"Tonight's€the€Night"€(both€1960),€or€the€¢Ronettes£'€"Be€MyÏBaby":ÌÌà 4 àà Œ àÔ& ° ÔI'll€make€you€happy€babyÌà 4 àà Œ àJust€wait€and€seeÌà 4 àà Œ àFor€every€kiss€you€give€meÌà 4 àà Œ àI'll€give€you€threeÔ'°$@#ÔÌÌà 4 àThe€girls€also€began€to€¢insurrect£€a€little€against€pristine€social€norms€by€falling€forÏmore€unsavory€fellows€whom€their€parents€would€reject€(and€who€would€happily€kick€sandÏin€Frankie€Avalon's€face):€€the€Crystals'€"He's€a€Rebel"€(1962),€the€Angels'€"My€Boy…¼friend's€Back"€(1963),€and€the€¢Shangri£„Las'€venerable€"Leader€of€the€Pack"€(1964).€Ï(¢Spector£€daringly€but€chauvinistically€took€this€trend€a€bit€too€far€with€the€Crystals'€1962Ï"He€Hit€Me€(and€it€felt€like€a€kiss),"€which€thankfully€never€found€the€airwaves.)ÌÌà 4 àAnyway,€that€was€the€landscape€circa€1959€to€1963.€€There€were€glimmers€ofÏinnovation€under€a€dung€heap€of€schmaltz€and€cynical€manipulation.€€But€five€years€is€aÏlong€time,€as€long€as€the€original€rock€'n'€roll€outburst€had€lasted,€and€the€interminableÏsuccession€of€commodity€hits€and€¢hitmakers£€during€that€interval€ultimately€severed€theÏperiod€of€groundbreaking€newness€that€epitomizes€the€fifties€from€what€is€now€universallyÏassociated€with€the€sixties.€€In€social€reckoning,€the€sixties€didn't€begin€until€1963,€evenÏthough€the€fifties€ended€in€February€1959,€and€perhaps€that's€good,€because€it€gave€theÏworld€time€to€percolate,€and€rock€'n'€roll€time€to€regroup,€while€the€Older€Generation€letÏdown€its€guard,€thinking€"Thank€goodness€òòthat'sóó€over€with!"Ð ”'” ÐÌà 4 àSo€what€did€happen,€and€how€did€it€happen?€€If€we're€going€to€talk€about€worldsÏchanging,€there's€no€doubt€that€the€world€did€change€after€1963,€and€with€earthshakingÏrapidity.€€Why?€€What€was€going€on?ÌÐ 0,0!$ Ðà 4 àWell€for€one€thing€a€guy€named€Bob€Dylan€was€going€on.€€I€have€to€wonder€whatÏwould€have€happened€in€this€country€if€Dylan€had€never€made€it€to€New€York,€if€KennedyÏhadn't€been€killed,€if€the€Beatles€had€never€gotten€together,€if€Berry€¢Gordy£€had€gone€intoÏsome€other€line€of€business,€if€Martin€Luther€King€hadn't€been€born.€€In€hindsight,€it'sÏtempting€to€think€of€the€intertwining€events€and€personalities€of€the€sixties€as€"inevitable,"Ïto€assume€that€historical€forces€created€the€¢Dylans£€and€the€Kings,€and€if€those€particularÏindividuals€hadn't€emerged,€others€would€have€filled€the€same€roles.€€This€theory€presumesÏthat€the€world€was€simply€ripe€for€change,€and€that€the€clever€few€simply€anticipated€andÏperceived€these€trends€and€deftly€rode€the€wave€to€the€top.€€I€can't€believe€it's€that€simple.€ÏListen€to€what€Dylan€was€singing€in€1963:ÌÌà 4 àà Œ àCome€gather€around€people€wherever€you€roamÌà 4 àà Œ àAnd€admit€that€the€waters€around€you€have€grownÌà 4 àà Œ àAnd€accept€it€that€soon€you'll€be€drenched€to€the€boneÌà 4 àà Œ à€€€€If€your€time€to€you€is€worth€¢savin£'Ìà 4 àà Œ àThen€you€better€start€swimming€or€you'll€sink€like€a€stoneÌà 4 àà Œ à€€€€For€the€times€they€are€a„¢changin£'€.€.€.ÌÌà 4 àHe€wrote€this€òòbeforeóó€Kennedy€was€assassinated,€òòbeforeóó€the€Beatles€con‚queredÐ ˜˜ ÐAmerica,€òòbeforeóó€Vietnam€and€civil€rights€and€women's€liberation€were€widely€popularÐ „„ Ðcauses.€€Dylan€himself€was€only€well€known€in€the€narrow€folk€music€community;€if€itÏhadn't€been€for€Peter,€Paul€and€Mary€covering€"¢Blowin£'€in€the€Wind,"€most€of€AmericaÏwouldn't€have€even€heard€his€music€by€then.€€Here€was€this€lone€voice€calling€out€angrilyÏthat€Big€Changes€were€on€the€way,€and€if€you€put€it€in€the€context€of€the€moment€when€heÏwas€singing,€there€was€no€particularly€strong€reason€to€expect€that€he€would€be€right.€ÏAfter€all,€the€big€hit€records€of€the€year€were€still€being€made€by€acts€like€Jimmy€¢Gilmer£Ïand€the€Fireballs,€the€Singing€Nun,€Paul€&€Paula,€and€the€4€Seasons.ÌÌà 4 àNow€the€question€is,€does€this€make€Dylan€a€prophet€or€just€extremely€perceptiveÏand€farsighted?€€Perhaps€not€quite€either.€€I€would€argue€that,€in€a€sense,€Dylan€wasÏsomething€of€a€self„fulfilling€prophecy.€€Bob€Dylan,€by€being€who€he€was,€through€theÏforce€of€his€own€will€and€vision,€was€to€a€great€extent€a€òòcauseóó€of€the€changes€that€cameÐ ”'” Ðabout€in€the€sixties,€just€as€he€predicted€them.€€That€was€the€power€of€his€music.€€ListeningÏto€"The€Times€They€are€a„¢Changin£'"€now,€three€decades€later,€still€stirs€an€emotion€ofÏhope€and€anticipation.€€At€the€time,€I've€got€to€believe€that€his€young€and€restless€audi…¼ences€were€tremendously€moved€by€the€images€of€a€song€like€this.€€At€the€Newport€FolkÏFestival€in€1963€the€reports€were€that€he€simply€blew€away€the€entire€audience.€€Can't€youÐ 0,0!$ Ðjust€picture€those€thousands€of€listeners,€and€all€the€tens€of€thousands€more€who€boughtÏhis€first€records,€finding€in€themselves€a€growing€conviction€that€Bob€Dylan€was€convey…¼ing€a€new€and€important€message,€a€call€to€action?€€They€would€look€at€each€other€and€sayÏ"yeah,€'the€Order€òòisóó€rapidly€¢fadin£'!"€€Such€attentive€early€fans€became€the€vanguard€of€theÐ Ä Ä ÐYouth€movements€shortly€to€come.€€As€the€message€and€the€inspiration€were€strengthenedÏthrough€"¢Blowin£'€in€the€Wind,"€"A€Hard€Rain's€A„Gonna€Fall,"€"Masters€of€War,"€""WithÏGod€on€Our€Side,"€Subterranean€Homesick€Blues,"€"Like€a€Rolling€Stone,"€and€so€manyÏothers,€the€vision€of€changing€times€merged€with€unfolding€events€into€a€documentary€ofÏreality,€for€which€Dylan€seemed€to€supply€the€soundtrack.ÌÌà 4 àThis€is€not€to€suggest€that€Dylan€or€anyone€was€solely€responsible€for€socialÏupheaval,€or€that€no€substantial€change€would€have€occurred€without€him.€€No€individualÏis€going€to€cause€a€revolution,€musical€or€otherwise.€€As€Elvis€and€Chuck€Berry€wereÏpreceded€by€vital€forñ7ñeñ7ñbearñ8ñerñ8ñs,€Dylan€was€in€part€anticipated€by€the€Kingston€Trio,€theÏWeavers,€Pete€¢Seeger£,€and€especially€¢Woodie£€Guthrie.€€Nevertheless,€despite€a€hospitableÏclimate€and€simmering€unease€among€much€of€the€population,€by€no€means€was€"BobÏDylan"ð"ðthe€òòconceptóó€of€Bob€Dylanð"ð‚inevita‚ble.€€The€point€is€far€more€evident€if€we€applyÐ ÀÀ Ðit€to€Martin€Luther€King,€a€man€who€unarguably€altered€the€social€and€political€complex…¼ion€of€the€nation€by€the€force€of€his€words€and€the€depth€of€his€convictions.€€There€hadÏbeen€black€leaders€before€him,€and€the€principles€of€equal€rights€and€empowerment€hadÏbeen€advocated€and€even€advanced€in€the€preceding€decades.€€But€the€arrival€of€thisÏextraordinary€man€brought€a€tidal€wave€of€passion€and€commitment€to€purposeful€changeÏthat€was€absolutely€unprecedented€in€a€community€that€had€suffered€unchecked€oppressionÏfor€the€entire€history€of€its€existence€on€this€continent.€€Had€King€not€emerged,€blackÏconsciousness€and€activism,€and€political€successes,€would€undoubtedly€have€come€aboutÏin€some€form€over€time,€but€it€is€inconceivable€that€the€pace€of€the€civil€rights€movementÏwould€have€been€anywhere€near€as€rapid.€€To€believe€otherwise€is€to€assert€that€Dr.€KingÏhimself€was€irrelevant,€in€which€case€George€Washington€and€Abraham€Lincoln€and€FDRÏwere€also€irrelevant.ÌÌà 4 àIndividual€persons€can€and€do€(and€shall)€affect€the€course€of€human€events,Ïsometimes€dramatically€and€not€always€for€good.€€Bob€Dylan€was€not€a€King€(¢McClean£Ïcalled€him€a€Jester)€or€a€President,€but€neither€was€he€a€passive€observer€or€even€justÏanother€folk€singer.€€What€Pete€¢Seeger£€and€¢Woodie£€Guthrie€had€not€accomplished,€despiteÏthe€beauty€and€insight€of€their€music,€was€to€penetrate€near€enough€to€the€mainstream€ofÏthe€pop€culture,€or€even€to€main‚stream€songwriters,€to€provoke€any€interest€in€political,Ïconscience„raising€subject€matter.€€The€issues€of€militarism,€segregation,€poverty,€pollutionÐ 0,0!$ Ðwere€certainly€all€on€the€tableð"ðKennedy€and€others€had€at€least€acknowledged€them€in€theÏpolitical€forumð"ðbut€the€youthful€pop€music€audience€still€consisted€mainly€of€apoliticalÏkids€whose€musical€interests€tended€to€reinforce€their€detachment€from€larger€societalÏconcerns.€€What€Bob€Dylan€did€first€and€most€resoundingly€was€to€òòinspireóó€people.€€HeÐ Ä Ä Ðtold€his€audience€to€open€their€eyes;€they€did.€€He€pointed€out€problems,€hypocrisy,Ïsuffering,€and€expressed€his€òòpersonalóó€feelings€of€outrage€and€compassion€in€so€forceful€aÐ œœ Ðmanner€that€listeners€came€to€share€those€feelings,€to€find€them€within€themselves.€€ThisÏmakes€Dylan€not€a€prophet€but€a€leader,€an€agent€for€change€in€a€society€that€did€not€knowÏit€was€awaiting€his€arrival.ñ9ñÌñ9ñÌà 4 àThat€this€is€true€is€evidenced€not€only€by€the€dramatic€social€transforma‚tions€soonÏemanating€from€college€campuses€overrun€with€nascent€revolutionaries,€but€by€theÏovernight€ascent€of€folk€and€folk€rock€on€the€cold,€unfeeling€scale€of€the€record€charts.€ÏDylan€himself€began€to€sell€records,€in€particular€albums,€by€the€hundreds€of€thousands:ÏòòThe€Times€They€Are€A„¢Changin£'óó,€his€third€album,€reached€Number€20€in€1964,€and€hisÐ èè  Ðlandmark€òòHighway€61€Revisitedóó€hit€Number€Three€the€next€year,€after€which€Dylan€albumsÐ ÔÔ  Ðwere€instant€gold€records€for€more€than€a€decade.€€In€his€wake,€in€addition€to€Peter,€PaulÏand€Mary,€who€first€brought€"¢Blowin£'€in€the€Wind"€to€Number€2€in€1963€and€followedÏwith€numerous€hits€of€their€own,€a€veritable€army€of€new€bands€and€solo€artists€earnedÏfame€and€glory€performing€"folk"€(i.e.,€acoustic€guitar,€harmonica,€lamenting€balladeerÏsinging€style),€"folk€rock"€(electrified€folk€motif),€and/or€"protest"€music€(lyrics€aboutÏThem€vs.€Us,€or€Bombs,€or€A€Better€World,€or€almost€anything€other€than€My€Boy/Girlƒ¼friend€Left€Me).€€These€included,€in€1965€alone,€Joan€Baez,€the€¢Lovin£'€Spoonful,€BarryÏMcGuire,€Donovan,€the€Turtles,€Sonny€and€Cher,€and€above€all€the€¢Byrds£.€€Soon€to€followÏwere€even€greater€heroes:€the€Mamas€and€the€Papas,€Simon€and€¢Garfunkel£,€BuffaloÏSpringfield,€¢Arlo£€Guthrie,€the€Band,€and€the€folk€rock€Super€Group€of€Crosby,€Stills,ÏNash,€and€Young€(respectively€of€the€¢Byrds£,€Buffalo€Springfield,€the€Hollies,€and€Spring…¼field€again).€€By€the€end€of€the€decade,€these€had€been€augmented€with€a€bevy€of€singer„¼songwritersð"ðJoni€Mitchell,€Cat€Stevens,€James€Taylor,€Jackson€Browne,€Melanie,€CaroleÏKing€(author€of€"Will€You€Love€Me€Tomorrow")ð"ðall€directly€founded€on€Dylan'sÏarchetype.€€As€Charlie€Parker€was€a€living€legend€to€his€peers€in€the€pioneering€of€bebopÏjazz,€Bob€Dylan€remained€the€unchallenged€sovereign€of€folk/protest€rock€even€among€theÏmost€(musically€and€commercially)€accomplished€of€his€adherents,€not€to€mention€amongÏtrue€believing€fans.€€His€title€was€"The€Conscience€of€a€Generation".ÌÌà 4 àThere's€an€important€post„script€to€the€Dylan€legend€from€the€mid¢„1980s£,€by€whichÏtime€Dylan's€generation€had€reached€what€passed€for€maturity.€€In€those€days€(and€stillÐ 0,0!$ Ðtoday)€the€label€"Yup‚pies"€was€often€derisively€attached€to€former€Hippies€(usually€byÏmembers€of€the€same€generation€who€had€gone€into€journal‚ism),€who€had€supposedlyÏstashed€away€their€idealistic€aspirations€in€favor€of€a€pursuit€of€materialism€little€differentÏfrom€that€of€the€parents€they€had€once€scorned.€€Meanwhile,€their€Conscience€had€nearlyÏdisappeared€into€irrelevance;€Dylan's€response€to€the€aimlessness€of€the€late€seventies€wasÏto€find€Christianity€and€lose€much€of€his€audience,€releasing€the€"born€again"€albums€òòSlowÐ œœ ÐTrain€Comingóó€(1979)€and€òòSavedóó€(1980),€which€yielded€weak€reviews€and€poorly€attendedÐ ˆˆ Ðconcerts€(at€which€he€seldom€played€his€older€songs).€€By€1985€he€and€his€music€seemedÏfirmly€ensconced€in€the€Oldies€closet,€when€Quincy€Jones,€Lionel€Richie,€and€the€organiz…¼ers€of€the€"We€Are€The€World"€recording€session€coaxed€him€to€join€them€and€contributeÏa€solo€stanza.ÌÌà 4 àThe€brief€episode€that€ensued€encapsulates€both€the€magical€atmosphere€of€theÏextraordinary€1985€period€of€social€consciousness€in€rock,€as€well€as€the€uniqueness€ofÏDylan's€legend.€€Apparently€Dylan,€long€out€of€the€spotlight,€was€so€self„conscious€that€heÏwouldn't€perform€with€others€watching,€and€all€but€a€handful€of€technicians€and€Richie€hadÏto€leave€the€studio.€€Even€then,€Dylan's€singing€was€tentative€and€shallow,€until€RichieÏdemonstrated€what€he€was€looking€for€on€the€record€by€òòimitatingóó€the€distinctive€earlyÐ ¬¬ ÐDylan€nasal€whine,€which€Dylan€then€imitated€back.€€òòLifeóó€maga‚zine€published€a€photo…Ð ˜˜ Ðgraph€of€Richie€rolling€on€the€floor€in€ecstasy€as€he€listened€to€the€resulting€tape,€made€byÏthe€òòrealóó€Dylan,€back€at€last.€€The€conse‚quences€of€this€moment€were€several.€€Dylan's€fourÐ pp Ðlines€on€"We€Are€The€World"€are€(along€with€¢Cyndi£€¢Lauper£'s)€the€most€stirring€of€a€songÏthat€boasts€about€three€dozen€¢megastars£;€and€with€that€twenty€second€cameo,€DylanÏsuddenly€seemed€to€regain€both€his€confidence€and€his€audience.€€Inside€of€a€year,€DylanÏclosed€out€the€Live€Aid€concert€marathon€(worshipfully€introduced€by€no€less€than€JackÏNicholson),€helped€initiate€and€performed€at€the€subsequent€Farm€Aid€concert,€and€joinedÏwith€Tom€Petty€on€an€electrifying€national€tour€on€which€he€revived€many€of€his€longÏdormant€classics€to€delirious€crowds€of€old€and€new€fans.€€Dylan€was€not€only€back,€heÏwas€singing€about€the€right€things€again,€at€a€time€when€his€voice,€his€Conscience,€wereÏmost€sorely€missed.€€For€thousands€of€¢1960s£€veterans€caught€in€the€trap€of€¢1980s£€ideologi…¼cal€stagnation,€a€fleeting€memory€of€times€when€real€change€seemed€possible€was€rekin…¼dled.ÌÌà@®®&ìà„END€CHAPTER€3„